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Important Terms
GNU: The free OS built as an alternative to UNIX
Linux: The kernel most commonly used with GNU
Distribution: A pre-packaged collection of software (e.g. Red Hat Linux, Debian GNU/Linux)
Kernel space: The memory space used by the kernel (inaccessible to user applications)
Userland (or user space): The memory space used by user applications
Filesystem: A system to organize the files of an Operating System
Notes:
More definitions can be found using the Jargon File, searchable at http://catb.org/~esr/jargon/jargoogle.html